Many employers may not realize that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates in some ways the use of toilet facilities at work. There are at least three important issues: the number of toilets, access to toilets, and now, the even more controversial issue of transgender bathroom access.
There are OSHA general industry requirements for the provision of toilet facilities at 29 CFR 1910.141(c). These requirements state “toilet facilities, in toilet room separate for each sex, shall be provided in all places of employment in accordance with the below table of this section. The number of facilities to be provided for each sex shall be based on the number of employees of that sex for whom the facilities are furnished.”
| Number of employees | Minimum number of water closets |
| 1 to 15 | 1 |
| 16 to 35 | 2 |
| 36 to 55 | 3 |
| 56 to 80 | 4 |
| 81 to 110 | 5 |
| 111 to 150 | 6 |
| Over 150 | Provide one additional toilet for each 40 employees |
OSHA also weighs in on the controversial issue of access to the toilet facilities. In its most recent pronouncement on the subject, OSHA states that it “…has consistently interpreted this standard to require employers to allow employees prompt access to sanitary facilities. Further, employers may not impose unreasonable restrictions on employee use of toilet facilities.” In the event employees are not provided reasonable access to the toilet facilities, OSHA can argue that those toilets have not been made “available” to employees, although OSHA cases challenging such denial of access are rare.
Editor’s note: The federal government is moving very rapidly on transgender issues. The latest OSHA guidance in transgender employees and toilet access is titled “Best Practices – A Guide to Restroom Access for Transgender Workers.” Authorities on gender issues counsel it’s essential employees be able to work in a manner consistent with how they live the rest of their daily lives, based on their “gender identity.”
“Restricting employees to using only restrooms that are not consistent with their gender identity, or segregating them from other workers by requiring them to use gender-neutral or other specific restrooms, singles those employees out…” It goes on to state: “For example, a person who identifies as a man should be permitted to use men’s restrooms, and a person who identifies as a woman should be permitted to use women’s restrooms.”
The “best practices” advocated by OSHA also provide additional options, which employees may choose, but are not required, to use. These include:
- Single-occupancy gender-neutral (unisex) facilities
- Use of multi-occupant, gender-neutral restroom facilities with lockable single occupant stalls
OSHA also advises under the model practices that employers not require employees to provide any medical or legal documentation regarding their gender in order to access the restroom that corresponds to their gender identity.
It remains to be seen how active OSHA is going to be in enforcing these policies, particularly the new policy related to transgender employee.
